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Vitalik Buterin: AI may weaken cryptography within two years and put ECDSA at risk, suggesting a priority on hash cryptography

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin posted on the X platform, stating that AI-accelerated mathematical research may pose new security threats to existing cryptographic systems, especially lattice-based cryptographic schemes, including ML-DSA and fully homomorphic encryption (FHE). He believes that advancements in AI in the field of mathematics over the next two years could significantly undermine the practical security of lattice cryptography, and ECDSA may face the risk of being compromised sooner than expected.Vitalik pointed out that over the past year, the Ethereum Lean roadmap has gradually shifted towards pure hash cryptographic schemes, avoiding the use of lattice-based signatures and related zero-knowledge proof structures. He suggested prioritizing the use of hash cryptography whenever feasible and adopting more conservative security parameters for lattice cryptography; privacy protocols should avoid storing encrypted information directly on-chain, and multi-signature wallets should prioritize off-chain signature confirmations. Additionally, Vitalik advised users, when operationally convenient, to store funds in addresses that have not initiated transactions to reduce potential risks, but he does not recommend users immediately migrate assets on a large scale. He emphasized that the migration process itself also carries risks, and his own losses due to migration errors have even exceeded the losses from past hacking attacks.

first_img Vitalik Buterin: Ethereum does not pursue speed but aims to become the safest chain, achieving ZKVM dominant verification before 2028

ChainCatcher reports live from the 2026 Hong Kong Web3 Carnival, where Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin delivered a keynote speech. He defined Ethereum by two core functions: first, as a public bulletin board for applications to publish messages and data; second, as shared digital objects controlled by code, encompassing assets, NFTs, ENS, and DAOs. He emphasized that Ethereum's goal is not to compete with high-frequency trading platforms on speed, but to become the most secure, decentralized, and always-online trusted chain.Regarding the short-term roadmap, he introduced the account abstraction proposal EIP-8141, which natively supports smart contract wallets, quantum-resistant signature algorithms, and privacy protocols; in terms of quantum resistance, there are currently two signature schemes based on hash and lattice, and the team is significantly enhancing their efficiency through EVM vectorization.He revealed that ZKVM is fast enough to prove real-time EVM execution, with this year's goal being to ensure its security, planning to start deployment from a small proportion of the network, aiming to become the primary method of validation by 2028, allowing Ethereum to scale significantly without sacrificing decentralization. In terms of long-term vision, Ethereum is actively utilizing AI to generate mathematical proofs to formalize software security verification, pursuing complete quantum safety and maximum simplicity to ensure platform security does not rely on the continuous existence of any single team.
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