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Vitalik: The Diamond iO exploration program "stealth" new paradigm may drive privacy computing into a new stage

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin published a new article introducing a novel cryptographic obfuscation technology called Diamond iO. This technology aims to address the extremely low efficiency of traditional indistinguishable obfuscation schemes, allowing programs to run while hiding internal logic and critical data. Although traditional iO technology possesses strong privacy protection capabilities, its operational costs are prohibitively high, making it nearly impractical. Diamond iO, by adopting more aggressive new cryptographic assumptions, enhances computational efficiency from "universe-level time consumption" to "planet-level time consumption," bringing it closer to practical application.Diamond iO is built on technologies such as Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) and Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE). By encrypting programs, it allows users to execute the encrypted programs and obtain correct outputs without being able to view the internal code or hidden keys. This solution introduces a new input encoding mechanism and conditional decryption method, reducing computational complexity while ensuring the program logic remains hidden. Its core application scenarios include protecting programs that contain private keys, enabling secure software licensing, constructing trustless cryptographic services, and supporting blockchain and artificial intelligence systems with stronger privacy protection.However, Diamond iO is still in the early research stage, and its security relies on new cryptographic assumptions, including All-Product LWE and Evasive LWE, which require further research validation. At the same time, the technology still faces efficiency challenges such as high computational overhead and circuit depth limitations. Researchers believe that by optimizing underlying hash functions, improving homomorphic encryption schemes, and reducing security parameter requirements, Diamond iO is expected to become an important direction for advancing practical program obfuscation technology in the future.

Vitalik: Maintain an open attitude towards slowing down or pausing AI, and agree to initiate a pause if extreme situations arise

Vitalik posted on the X platform, stating that AI 2040 and its critics have incompatible worldviews regarding the speed and significance of AI progress. AI 2040 believes that unless strong measures are taken to completely prevent it, some form of superintelligence will emerge in various scenarios by 2040; critics argue that AI 2040 underestimates human coordination capabilities and threatens freedom, but do not view ASI itself as a risk of power concentration.He believes that if he were convinced that the current form of AI is just an ordinary technology, he would be closer to the critics' camp; if he were convinced that superintelligence would inevitably arrive by 2030, he would be closer to the AI 2040 camp. At the same time, due to significant uncertainty, he remains open to the idea of slowing down or pausing, and feels uncomfortable with the stance proposed by some large AI companies and intellectuals that "open source is detrimental, and the ideal outcome is to maintain global control dominance."Vitalik stated that an important reason he supports the d/acc platform is that directions such as formal verification, cryptography, secure and open hardware, pandemic resilience, defensive biotechnology, food and basic resource security, public cognitive systems, and non-concentrated power physical security are worth promoting under both worldviews. He also mentioned that the 2040 plan has increasingly supported open source and incorporated the idea of "mutual assured destruction of computational power," which is an improvement compared to allowing a few participants to selectively deprive their identified subjects of rights.There is no way to avoid trade-offs regarding whether to slow down or pause, and Vitalik believes that trigger conditions can be preset, allowing for a more open attitude towards slowing down or pausing when sufficient conditions are met within a specific timeframe.He also stated that if he were Elon Musk or Zuck, he would significantly transform Twitter into a platform that helps identify and facilitate such large win-win agreements, encouraging more people to participate in discussions, but he thinks this might also be naive. Currently, he does not see any non-naive ASI transition response plans, so he tends to show some tolerance towards those who are trying.
2026-07-11

Vitalik proposed the "extremely simplified chain" solution, where validators submit STARK proofs daily, and the state storage is compressed to 6 bytes

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin published the proposal "The Extremely Lean Chain," demonstrating how to radically compress the state requirements of the Ethereum consensus chain in the context of the "Lean" upgrade. This plan shifts responsibility to validators, who manage and periodically prove their state through ZK proofs, thereby eliminating the processing burden for each epoch and potentially supporting millions of validators.The core mechanisms include: removing the validator public keys from the on-chain state, storing only the deposit tree index; canceling real-time reward and penalty processing, with validators generating daily STARK proofs of their participation and updating balances; completely re-randomizing validator identities daily, achieving strong anonymity through ZK-STARK, with withdrawal addresses exposed only at the time of withdrawal and not publicly linked to deposits or on-chain activities. Vitalik stated that based on upgrades such as single-slot finality and quantum-resistant signature aggregation, the state requirement per validator could be compressed from approximately 180 bytes to 6 bytes. The daily proof cost for a single validator requires processing about 5400 Merkle branches, which can be completed within 1 hour on ordinary hardware, and the on-chain burden can be reduced through aggregated proofs. Additionally, this design can achieve a "virtually free" single secret leader election function, with 1 day as the conservative cycle length and 1 hour as the lower limit.
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