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Decentralised.co published: The on-chain options trading volume is still less than 1% of perpetual contract DEX, while traditional market options trading is about three times that of futures. The institution backtested Bitcoin daily closing prices from January 2018 to October 2026, finding that among the ultimately profitable longs, the liquidation probabilities for 10x perpetual contracts over 180 days, 90 days, and 60 days were 47%, 29%, and 18%, respectively. It replayed three $1,000 Bitcoin longs on October 10, 2025: the 10x perpetual was liquidated at 21:14, the 30-day call option dropped to a low of $181 but returned to over $800 within an hour, and a $52 7-day put option helped the 10x long survive the downturn.Decentralised.co: In the past, on-chain options often failed due to fragmented order books, difficult hedging, and locked funds. Hegic depositors lost most of about $80 million in May 2021, Lyra depositors experienced a 4.9% loss in the Bitcoin pool and a 17.6% loss in the Ethereum pool within 7 months, and PsyOptions closed its product in June 2024. With the combination of perpetual liquidity like Hyperliquid, the locked funds required to sell a Bitcoin call option could be reduced from about $100,000 to about $15,000, while monthly returns increased from 1.8% to about 12%.The article lists Hyperliquid as the main venue for hedging liquidity, with the options protocol Derive (formerly Lyra) as the underlying engine, Paradex handling large trades, and Hypercall being the first options venue built on Hyperliquid. Derive liquidated about $18 billion in notional options value in the year ending October 19. After Paradex integrated with Paradigm on September 15, the date options trading volume increased from less than $3 million to $58.7 million within a week, and open contracts decreased from over $250 million to about $96 million by October 14. By September 2026, the notional value of on-chain options is expected to double to $5 billion, with premiums rising to $85 million.

Solana's largest network upgrade since 2020, Alpenglow, officially launched on Wednesday. This upgrade moves validator voting from on-chain to off-chain, packaging votes into certificates that can lock transactions within one to two rounds, aiming to reduce the final confirmation time for transactions from about 6 seconds to approximately 150 milliseconds, speeding it up by about 40 times. If this goal is achieved on the mainnet, Solana's transaction settlement speed will be faster than the blink of an eye, bringing it closer to the trading and payment experience of centralized exchanges.Currently, a 6-second confirmation time means that prices may change before the transaction is locked, causing exchanges and payment applications to wait before considering deposits as complete. In comparison, Ethereum takes about 13 minutes to achieve full final confirmation. At the same time, validator costs are expected to decrease by about 60%: currently, validators spend about 2 SOL daily on voting fees, which doubled after Solana recently reduced block time to about 200 milliseconds; Alpenglow eliminates voting fees, replacing them with a fixed validator entry fee of 0.8 SOL per epoch (approximately 24 hours).The upgrade launch process was not smooth. The testnet has been cleared and restarted from scratch six times since its launch in early May, with one migration failing across the entire network and having to be rolled back. According to an article published by Galaxy Digital, one of about 100 validator operators on the testnet, a subsequent migration was successfully completed, clearing the way for Wednesday's launch. Since these events occurred on a network built specifically for testing, there was no risk to real funds. The upgrade was scheduled to switch at the start of epoch 1064 on Wednesday, with actual changes occurring at slot 459,653,000 after a transition of 5,000 slots.

Solana ecosystem R&D company Anza announced that the Alpenglow mainnet test version will be activated on October 21, 2026, at 14:50 (UTC). After the upgrade is completed, transaction finality is expected to shorten from approximately 12.8 seconds to 150 milliseconds.Alpenglow will replace the existing TowerBFT voting mechanism with Votor, allowing validators to not write every vote to the chain but instead confirm consensus through direct communication and summarizing into smaller records. The network is expected to maintain the existing system for about 18 minutes, switching to Votor after staking SOL reaches 82% of the validator set. Another component of Alpenglow, Rotor, will adjust the distribution method of new blocks among validators, but the activation date has not yet been announced. This upgrade only includes Votor, and Solana will temporarily focus on the replacement of the consensus mechanism.

According to CoinDesk, Solana plans to implement the Alpenglow upgrade on October 21. This upgrade aims to reduce the transaction finality time to about 150 milliseconds and replace the existing voting system of the network with a faster certificate-based consensus mechanism.

The Solana client development company Anza posted on X that SIMD-0525 has been completed, and the 200 millisecond slot is now live on the Solana mainnet test version.Anza stated that the block landing frequency has reached twice that of the genesis, and the duration of one epoch has been shortened from about two days to about one day. Anza was formed by the original core engineering team of Solana Labs and is responsible for maintaining the Solana validator client Agave.

Decentralised.co published a discussion on the path of stock tokenization, stating that the exposure to on-chain stocks held by traders and investors through tokenization and synthetic perpetual contracts has exceeded 6 billion dollars. The total market size of on-chain stock tokens is 3.21 billion dollars, with a 10% increase over the past 30 days; the open interest of perpetual contracts for stocks, indices, and ETFs on trade.xyz is 3.01 billion dollars, accounting for 94% of the total stock token market size.The process of stock tokenization is divided into four stages: initially, it is mostly offshore packaged certificates, followed by becoming collateral, then brokers tokenizing the shares that users already hold, and finally, the company registering the shares themselves on-chain. Most stock tokens are debt certificates that do not include voting rights or ownership of shares. Taking Robinhood as an example, after the related entity purchases shares and they are held by a custodian, it issues debt securities corresponding to one share to users, with dividends reinvested and stock splits adjusting the number of shares represented; if the issuer fails to perform, the securities agent will sell the shares and pay the holders, while the issuer can only maintain the price through arbitrage within a limited time frame.The market size of the top 100 tokenized stocks increased from 2.09 billion dollars to 3.03 billion dollars within 90 days, and the number of holding addresses grew from 417,000 to 4.21 million, with Binance and Robinhood contributing 86% of the new addresses. About 97.5% of the addresses hold less than 100 dollars, with exchanges and large wallets holding most of the value. The borrowing rates for collateralized loans against related stock tokens on Kamino, Jupiter Lend, and Ether.fi are approximately 4% to 5.75%.

The blockchain network Solana plans to reduce the target block time from 250 milliseconds to 200 milliseconds when it enters Epoch 1053 on Friday, completing a series of reductions that began from 400 milliseconds in August.This upgrade will allow the network to produce 5 blocks per second while lowering the computational limit for each block to keep the overall processing capacity roughly unchanged. Faster block generation may reduce transaction delays and transaction arbitrage activities, but it will also increase the demand for validator voting, put pressure on network connections, and shorten the transaction validity window.

According to Fortune, AI real estate technology company EliseAI announced that it has completed a new round of financing of $350 million, with a valuation of $4 billion. Andreessen Horowitz (a16z) and Bessemer Venture Partners jointly led the investment, with existing investors Sapphire Ventures and Navitas Capital participating.This is the fourth time the company has received investment from a16z and Bessemer since 2023, just about 13 months after its previous round of $250 million Series E financing.It is reported that EliseAI's software currently mainly provides automated rental for homes, tenant services, maintenance requests, and lease renewals, covering about one-sixth of apartments across the United States. This new financing will be used for product development and to expand EliseAI's engineering, deployment, and sales teams in North America.

Polygon co-founder Sandeep posted on the X platform stating that the POL community has recently accumulated and permanently destroyed 100 million POL through on-chain revenue, accounting for about 1% of the total supply, and will additionally destroy approximately 25 million POL.Sandeep also mentioned that POL (formerly MATIC) is still "the most undervalued and overlooked project." According to him, Polymarket has launched perpetual contracts on Polygon, and with the recent upgrade, Polygon PoS is gradually evolving towards a more advanced blockchain, expecting to achieve a 1 millisecond confirmation time through block flow in the future. Additionally, OMS is about to enable Polygon to handle approximately 1 million new transactions daily.

According to CoinDesk, the Solana consensus upgrade Alpenglow has completed the switch to Testnet and Devnet on September 24 and 25, respectively, and is currently running on the two major public test networks, allowing application teams to test compatibility before launching on the mainnet. Alpenglow aims to reduce the final confirmation time from about 12.8 seconds to approximately 150 milliseconds by allowing validators to exchange votes directly instead of writing votes as transactions into blocks, enabling consensus to be reached within one to two rounds of voting.The Solana Foundation reminds that the transaction statistics containing validator votes may decrease after the upgrade, but user payments and transaction volume may not necessarily decline; applications that simply send transactions and read account balances do not need to migrate. The 150 milliseconds is a simulated target and has not yet been validated in a real mainnet environment, and wallet processing and exchange deposit confirmations may still increase waiting times. The exact date for the mainnet launch has not yet been announced.

The Alpenglow upgrade of the blockchain network Solana has entered the public testnet, where developers will test reducing transaction finality from about 13 seconds to 0.15 seconds, or 150 milliseconds. This upgrade will replace Solana's existing TowerBFT consensus system with Votor, allowing validators to confirm blocks through one to two rounds of direct voting, but the way users send funds will not change.The first testnet migration requires using Agave 4.3 and does not currently support Firedancer or Frankendancer. The mainnet update on September 28 is still a tentative arrangement and not a confirmed launch date for Alpenglow.

On September 18, Solana reduced the target slot time from 300 milliseconds to 250 milliseconds, marking the third acceleration since August. As the computation and data capacity per slot is proportionally reduced, the overall throughput of the network has not increased.This adjustment is the third phase of the SIMD-0525 four-phase plan, with slot time decreasing from 400 milliseconds at genesis to 350 milliseconds, then 300 milliseconds, and now to 250 milliseconds. The final step down to 200 milliseconds has not yet determined a mainnet activation date, provided that the validator block skipping rate remains stable.

According to Decrypt, Solana will shorten the target block time slot from 300 milliseconds to 250 milliseconds on Friday, increasing the block generation frequency by nearly 17%. The computational resources and data available for each time slot will be correspondingly reduced, while the overall transaction processing capacity of the network remains unchanged.This adjustment is the third phase in the four planned stages of the SIMD-0525 proposal. The block production permission window for validators over four consecutive time slots has been reduced from 1.2 seconds to 1 second, and the expected duration of the epoch fixed at 432,000 time slots has been shortened from about 36 hours to about 30 hours. The next phase aims to further shorten the time slot to 200 milliseconds, but the mainnet launch time has not yet been determined, with the implementation condition being that the block skip rate remains stable.

Decentralised.co reported that the cost of sending $200 across borders is currently 6.36%, down from 9.67% in 2009, with the United Nations aiming to reduce it to 3% by 2030. Remittances consist of three parts: collecting from the remitter, transferring value, and paying the recipient, with the intermediate stage previously being slower and now the cheapest part. Receiving and paying require licenses, bank accounts, compliance, and payment networks. The process from Dubai to Manila takes about six steps, with only one step using blockchain.Pre-funded agent accounts decentralize operating capital. Tokenized dollars can be concentrated in a single funding pool, settled on Sundays, and rebalanced within minutes. Traders hold inventory and bear exchange rate risks. Félix Pago raised $200 million to facilitate remittances from the U.S. to Latin America via WhatsApp, with a16z leading a $87 million equity round and General Catalyst providing a $113 million credit line. Nium is now funding customer payments in USDC. a16z Crypto led a $10 million investment in Better Money. Conduit raised $36 million for corridors from Europe to Nigeria and Kenya, while Palla raised $14.5 million for white-label payments to thirty banks.The article states that stablecoins can fix pipeline issues but cannot resolve isolated systems related to legal matters or toll collection.

According to Catcher Predict monitoring, in the predicted market Polymarket for the event "Monterrey Open: Diane Parry vs Elise Mertens," the sub-market "Monterrey Open: Diane Parry vs Elise Mertens" saw a dramatic fluctuation in the winning probability of the "Diane Parry" option, soaring from 46.5% an hour ago to the current 63.5% (a fluctuation of 17%). Please note the impact of related breaking news.

According to monitoring by Catcher Predict, in the prediction market Polymarket for the event "Monterrey Open: Nikola Bartunkova vs Elise Mertens," the option "Nikola Bartunkova" in the sub-market "Monterrey Open: Nikola Bartunkova vs Elise Mertens" has experienced a drastic fluctuation in winning probability, plummeting from 93.5% an hour ago to the current 30.5% (a fluctuation of 63%). Please note the impact of related breaking news.

Jacob Creech, Vice President of Technology at the Solana Foundation, stated that Solana has officially shortened the slot time for the first time since its establishment, now entering a new phase of 350 milliseconds, with the next target being 300 milliseconds.Slot time is the time unit corresponding to each block in the Solana network, and shortening it helps improve transaction confirmation speed and network throughput. Previously, Solana's target slot time had long been maintained at around 400 milliseconds, and this adjustment marks an important update to the network's performance parameters.

Solana developer Brennan Watt announced on the X platform that the Solana mainnet has activated the first slot time reduction, with the target decreasing from the current 400 milliseconds to 350 milliseconds, which will officially take effect in the 1020th Epoch.Watt pointed out that some SDK constants (such as DEFAULT_MS_PER_SLOT) have not yet been updated to the new values and will be pushed in subsequent versions. The transition period may affect applications that rely on SDK constants matching the mainnet reality, and developers are advised to manually determine whether the functionality is enabled based on Epoch boundaries when it takes effect. Watt explained that the long-term plan is to put these parameters on-chain for client queries, but currently, to launch the reduction feature as soon as possible, this transition period must be endured.

According to monitoring by Catcher Predict, in the predicted market Polymarket for the event "Wimbledon WTA: Marie Bouzkova vs. Elise Mertens," the sub-market "Wimbledon WTA: Marie Bouzkova vs. Elise Mertens" saw the winning probability of the option "Marie Bouzkova" experience drastic fluctuations, plummeting from 56.5% an hour ago to the current 12.5% (a fluctuation of 44%). Please note the impact of related breaking news.

According to Cointelegraph, Sei has released the Giga white paper version 2, which aims to bring finality under 250 milliseconds, pre-execution privacy protection, protocol-level MEV resistance, and a processing capacity of over 200,000 transactions per second.