tps

According to Cointelegraph, Sei has released the Giga white paper version 2, which aims to bring finality under 250 milliseconds, pre-execution privacy protection, protocol-level MEV resistance, and a processing capacity of over 200,000 transactions per second.

Sei releases the next-generation protocol upgrade "Giga" roadmap, planning to significantly enhance transaction performance by restructuring the execution client, state management, and consensus mechanism. Core upgrades include: Ares execution client (optimizing performance through pipelined execution and asynchronous processing); Eidos state management (replacing the Merkle tree with a flat key-value store, separating hot data from cold archives); Autobahn consensus mechanism (targeting 200,000 TPS and 400 milliseconds finality, with the internal test network already achieving 5 Gigagas processing capability); Sedna private memory pool (introducing a cryptographic transaction propagation mechanism); and gradually phasing out Cosmos SDK and CosmWasm through SIP-3, transitioning to a pure EVM architecture.

On May 14, BNB Chain released the "BSC Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration Report," stating that it has completed the migration testing for quantum-resistant cryptography for transaction signatures and the consensus layer, using the NIST standardized post-quantum signature algorithm ML-DSA-44 (Dilithium) and the pqSTARK aggregation scheme.The report shows that BSC has replaced transaction signatures from ECDSA to ML-DSA-44 and switched consensus voting aggregation from BLS12-381 to pqSTARK to address the potential threats posed by future quantum computing to the existing elliptic curve cryptography system. However, post-quantum signatures also significantly increase the on-chain data volume: the size of a single transaction has increased from about 110 bytes to approximately 2.5KB; the block size in a 2000 TPS scenario has increased from about 130KB to around 2MB; and the TPS in the testing environment has decreased by about 40%-50%.BSC stated that the current network bottleneck mainly comes from the larger transaction data propagation, rather than the consensus protocol itself. Meanwhile, the consensus layer aggregation still maintains high efficiency, with pqSTARK achieving a signature compression ratio of about 43:1, and the additional burden on validators remains within a controllable range. The report concludes that existing technology can achieve "quantum-resistant" deployment for blockchain, but future issues related to network bandwidth and data scalability still need to be addressed.

According to The Block, CoinShares released a report showing that last week, global crypto asset ETPs recorded a net inflow of $117.8 million, achieving a fifth consecutive week of net inflows, with a cumulative inflow of over $4 billion in five weeks and a total management scale of approximately $155 billion. However, the funding structure has shown significant differentiation.The report pointed out that from Monday to Thursday, there was a total net outflow of $619 million, but on Friday, a large inflow of $737 million was recorded in a single day, reversing the week to a net inflow, reflecting a significant rebound in market risk appetite before the weekend. From a regional perspective, net inflows in the U.S. market dropped to $47.5 million, a significant slowdown compared to the previous week's $1.1 billion; Germany and Canada recorded inflows of $43.8 million and $16 million, respectively, with European funds performing relatively steadily.In terms of assets, Bitcoin-related products led the way with a weekly inflow of $192.1 million, of which the U.S. spot ETF contributed approximately $162.8 million; Ethereum products, on the other hand, saw a net outflow of $81.6 million. Analysts believe that the number of participating assets has decreased from 9 to 4, indicating that market sentiment weakened significantly in the middle of the week before showing signs of recovery.

According to PR Newswire, Valour, a subsidiary of DeFi Technologies, has secured approximately $11 million in institutional investment to purchase its Hedera (HBAR) related ETP products, with about $10 million corresponding to products listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and about $1 million corresponding to Valour Hedera SEK listed on the Swedish Spotlight Exchange.DeFi Technologies stated that these two transactions were facilitated by its Abu Dhabi seminar, reflecting the growing institutional demand for gaining exposure to Hedera through regulated exchange-traded products and supporting its asset management growth in the German market.

Psy Protocol announced that it has achieved 521,000 transactions per second (TPS) on a real-world proof-of-work network, setting a new record for decentralized system throughput. The testing was supported by Google Cloud, and all transactions are verifiable on-chain, with complete data and cryptographic proofs open-sourced for independent auditing.The team stated that this result was achieved without sacrificing decentralization, security, or privacy, and has established a $100,000 bounty for anyone who can prove the results invalid. Carter Feldman, founder of Psy Protocol, said, "This is not a development network demonstration or theoretical calculation; every result is verifiable."This test demonstrates the infrastructure capabilities for a future AI agent economy, making high-frequency micropayments, continuous clearing markets, and large-scale AI collaboration feasible. Psy Protocol breaks through traditional blockchain throughput bottlenecks through parallel state architecture, client-generated proofs, recursive zero-knowledge proofs, and horizontal scaling design.Complete verification data and methods have been open-sourced, and users can access here for verification.

According to Decrypt, Denmark's largest bank, Danske Bank, is offering Bitcoin and Ethereum ETPs to investors, ending an eight-year ban on cryptocurrencies. Danske Bank's stance has shifted, stating it is in response to the growing demand from customers.Previously, the bank had explicitly stated that it would not provide any type of cryptocurrency services. While it acknowledges that the cryptocurrency market has matured in recent years, it still emphasizes that it does not recommend cryptocurrencies as an asset class.

According to Rankiapro, cryptocurrency asset management company Bitwise announced the launch of five cryptocurrency exchange-traded products (ETPs) on the Italian Stock Exchange (Borsa Italiana), namely: Bitwise Core Bitcoin ETP, Bitwise Physical Bitcoin ETP, Bitwise Physical Ethereum ETP, Bitwise Diaman Bitcoin & Gold ETP, and Bitwise MSCI Digital Assets Select 20 ETP.

Germany's major retail bank ING Deutschland has opened up investment channels for cryptocurrency-related exchange-traded notes (ETN/ETP) to retail customers, allowing investments in crypto assets such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana through its Direct Depot platform.ING stated that the aforementioned products are physically-backed instruments issued by institutions such as 21Shares, Bitwise, and VanEck, traded on regulated exchanges, allowing customers to gain exposure to crypto assets without having to manage wallets or private keys themselves. ING also cautioned that these products still face factors such as price volatility, issuer risk, liquidity, and regulatory uncertainty. The bank pointed out that in Germany, the tax treatment of these ETNs is similar to that of directly holding crypto assets, with potential capital gains tax exemptions after holding for more than a year.

According to PR Newswire, Nasdaq-listed fintech company DeFi Technologies announced that its subsidiaries Valour Inc. and Valour Digital Securities Limited have received approval from UK regulators to offer Bitcoin and Ethereum exchange-traded products to UK retail investors through the London Stock Exchange: 1 Valour Bitcoin Physical Staking and 1 Valour Ethereum Physical Staking.It is reported that the company had previously launched an asset-backed Ethereum physical staking ETP for UK professional investors.

The cryptocurrency asset management company Bitwise announced on January 14, 2026, the listing of seven cryptocurrency ETPs (Exchange-Traded Products) on Nasdaq Stockholm, marking its official entry into the Nordic market.These products, priced in Swedish Krona (SEK), include Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, and a diversified cryptocurrency portfolio, aimed at providing Swedish investors with the opportunity to invest in cryptocurrencies through ISK accounts.

According to official news, BNB Chain achieved zero downtime and a historical peak of 31 million daily transactions in 2025, with a stablecoin market cap reaching 14 billion USD. The 2026 technical roadmap will focus on performance upgrades, aiming to achieve over 20,000 TPS and sub-second finality.Specific plans include: continuing to implement a dual-client strategy based on Geth and Reth; achieving conflict-free parallel execution through EIP-7928; launching a transaction framework that supports compliant privacy and an AI Agent payment abstraction layer. In addition, BNB Chain is planning the next generation of transaction chains, aiming to achieve approximately 1 million TPS and 150 milliseconds of near-instant finality between 2026 and 2028.

According to CoinTelegraph, last week, cryptocurrency exchange-traded products (ETPs) recorded a net outflow of $446 million, continuing the cautious trend that has persisted since the significant market adjustment in October.Asset management firm CoinShares stated that the latest round of withdrawals brought the total outflows since October 10 to $3.2 billion, indicating that investor confidence has not yet recovered as the year comes to a close. This week's outflows stand in stark contrast to the $46.3 billion inflow year-to-date (YTD), which is roughly equivalent to the levels expected in 2024.CoinShares' Head of Research James Butterfill noted that year-to-date, total assets under management (AUM) have only increased by 10%, suggesting that "considering the flow of funds, ordinary investors have not achieved positive returns this year."

According to PRNewswire, Valour, a subsidiary of the Nasdaq-listed company DeFi Technologies, announced the launch of constant leverage Bitcoin and Ethereum exchange-traded products Bull Bitcoin X2 Valour and Bull Ethereum X2 Valour on the Swedish securities market Spotlight Stock Market, providing investors with a two-times leveraged investment opportunity in Bitcoin and Ethereum.

Bloomberg ETF analyst James Seyffart posted on social media that he agrees with the cryptocurrency asset management company Bitwise's prediction of over 100 cryptocurrency ETFs launching in 2026, but also pointed out that many of these products will struggle to sustain themselves."We will see a large number of cryptocurrency ETP products being liquidated. This may happen by the end of 2026, but is more likely to occur before the end of 2027, with over 126 ETP applications currently awaiting results from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Issuers are flooding the market with products."

Valour announced the launch of constant leverage Bitcoin and Ethereum exchange-traded products Bull Bitcoin X2 Valour and Bull Ethereum X2 Valour on the Swedish securities market Spotlight Stock Market, with a fee rate of 1.9%. Investors can access double leverage investment opportunities in Bitcoin and Ethereum without the need to manage digital wallets or margin accounts.

According to Sandeep Nailwal, CEO of the Polygon Foundation, the recent Madhugiri hard fork upgrade completed by the Polygon network has increased the on-chain transactions per second (TPS) by 40%, reaching 1,400 transactions per second.Sandeep Nailwal stated that the team has developed a clear technical roadmap, planning to increase TPS to 5,000 transactions per second within the next 6 months, making Polygon one of the highest throughput blockchain networks in the industry. Additionally, the second phase of the upgrade aims to further increase TPS to 100,000 transactions per second within 12-24 months, with the goal of making it the preferred blockchain platform for global payments.

DeFi Technologies Inc. announced that its subsidiary Valour has received approval from the Brazilian B3 exchange to list four digital asset exchange-traded products (ETPs), including Valour Bitcoin (BTCV), Valour Ethereum (ETHV), Valour XRP (XRPV), and Valour SUI (VSUI), which are expected to begin trading on December 17.

According to GrowThePie data, the Ethereum mainnet set a historical record for maximum throughput in 2025. The peak TPS (transactions per second) of the Ethereum ecosystem recently reached a new all-time high of 32,950. Among them, Lighter accounts for about 90% of Ethereum L2's average daily TPS, but only pays about $685 in on-chain costs to Ethereum each day.

According to growthepie data, the Ethereum ecosystem network has set a historical high for daily TPS (transactions per second), with a 7-day average daily TPS of 364.52 and a peak TPS of 24,192. Notably, the L2 market share reached 95.35%. It is worth mentioning that the Perp DEX Lighter has made a significant contribution to this.