x402

Visa and the on-chain data analysis platform Artemis previously jointly released the report "Agentic Payments from the Ground Up," which quantifies the trends of AI agent payments based on real-time on-chain data. The report points out that intelligent commerce should be divided into macro transactions (AI agents completing bookings, subscriptions, etc., adapting to existing card systems) and micro payments (high-frequency small payments between machines, with individual transactions far below $1, which traditional payment structures struggle to support).The report focuses on two "machine-native payment" protocols: x402 (developed by Coinbase, Cloudflare, etc., launching in May 2025) with an adjusted transaction volume of approximately $15 million and 109.6 million transactions as of April 21, 2026, with 422,000 buyers and about 5,300 sellers, primarily concentrated on Base, Solana, and Polygon, settled in USDC; MPP (developed by Stripe and Tempo, with Visa's participation, launching in mid-March 2026) had a transaction volume of approximately $25,000 and 115,000 transactions within 33 days of launch, supporting both on-chain crypto payments and fiat settlements.The report believes that the leap in AI capabilities (with the release of Claude 4.5 and GPT Codex 5.2 in mid-2025) has created a demand for programmatic payments, combined with the decreasing costs of blockchain settlements, making micro payments in the range of 1 cent to 1 dollar economically viable for the first time. Currently, the boundaries between crypto-native protocols and card payment camps are gradually blurring, but agent payments still face trust challenges such as erroneous purchases, adversarial attacks, and liability attribution.

The Linux Foundation, in collaboration with Visa, Mastercard, and 40 other institutions, has launched the x402 payment standard. In the past 30 days, approximately 75 million stablecoin transactions have been processed, totaling 24 million USD.

According to The Block, the Linux Foundation has officially established the x402 Foundation, governed by a structure of 40 member companies, with Coinbase having completed its contribution to the protocol. Founding members include Ripple, Visa, Mastercard, American Express, Stripe, Adyen, Fiserv, Shopify, Google, AWS, Cloudflare, as well as Circle, MoonPay, the Solana Foundation, and the Stellar Foundation.The protocol allows servers to respond to requests with a 402 response and pricing, while clients sign stablecoin transfers (usually USDC) and resend requests for data, without the need for accounts, credit cards, or prior relationships between the parties, making it inherently adaptable for AI agent applications. Previously in April, it was reported that the neutral internet payment protocol x402, incubated by Coinbase, would migrate under the Linux Foundation and operate in the form of an independent foundation called the "x402 Foundation."

The Coinbase developer platform has released an update on the progress of the payment ecosystem development. With the official launch of Coinbase for Agents, users can now create independent accounts for AI Agents, executing automated operations such as transactions and asset management under set permissions and risk control rules. The new Coinbase CLI and MCP have simplified the login process and have been demonstrated for identity and operation integration via Claude. The developer wallet is now available through the Swift SDK, supporting the integration of self-hosted wallet functionality in iOS native applications.In the coming weeks, the x402 protocol will support users within Coinbase for Agents to make direct payments using their USDC balance, allowing Agents to not only operate accounts but also complete real payments directly through the stablecoins held by users. Additionally, Coinbase will release a system update on June 16 to further enhance payment and Agent-related capabilities.

According to CoinDesk, Ripple is attempting to introduce XRP along with its stablecoin Ripple USD into the AI agent payment market, aiming to penetrate the on-chain micropayment system currently dominated by the USD stablecoin USD Coin. It has released the "XRPL AI Starter Kit," providing developers with a toolkit to build AI Agent payment capabilities, enabling agents to complete payments, check balances, and perform wallet operations on the XRP Ledger, and supporting automated payment processes based on the x402 protocol.However, Ripple has not yet disclosed any scaled landing customers or real production-level AI Agent payment transaction data; the solution is still in the early exploratory stage of infrastructure and developer ecosystem.

Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong disclosed three platform-level data points on Thursday: the annual stablecoin transaction volume is nearly $1 trillion, the platform holds approximately $20 billion in USDC, and the x402 payment protocol processed over 160 million autonomous transactions in the past year. According to SEC filings, Coinbase's average USDC holdings in the first quarter reached a historic high of $19 billion, with over 25% of the total USDC circulation located within the Coinbase ecosystem.The total circulation of USDC currently stands at $75 billion. The $1 trillion stablecoin transaction volume refers to transfers made through Coinbase's payment infrastructure, in comparison, Visa is expected to process about $14.5 trillion in fiscal year 2025. The x402 protocol is named after the HTTP 402 error code and allows AI agents to make on-chain payments in USDC directly within network requests, with transactions over $1 accounting for 95% of x402 transfer volume.The Base chain has processed $190 trillion in stablecoin transaction volume this year, with over 90% of x402 transaction volume operating on Base. Founding members of the x402 foundation include Google, Stripe, Visa, Mastercard, and AWS.

According to official news, the BNBAgent SDK has officially launched on the BSC mainnet, providing core infrastructure for the large-scale implementation of AI agents on the blockchain.This SDK is centered around four modular components:Identity and trust based on ERC-8004;Business and custody based on ERC-8183 (APEX);Autonomous payments integrating MPP and x402;Memory and storage based on BNB Greenfield, comprehensively addressing key challenges for AI agents in authentication, business collaboration, automatic settlement, and continuity of memory across operational environments.Developers can leverage this standardized framework to efficiently build, deploy, and realize commercial monetization of AI agents on the BNB Chain.The first batch of partners is strong, including industry leaders such as Google, AWS, Virtuals, Binance Pay, Trust Wallet, Binance Wallet, and $U, jointly injecting strong momentum into the implementation and development of the BNBAgent SDK.

Arbitrum official announcement, the x402 protocol under Coinbase is now live on the Arbitrum network, allowing developers to enable AI agents to directly use stablecoins to pay for APIs, services, and software fees. The x402 protocol is named after the unused HTTP 402 "Payment Required" status code, which allows websites, APIs, and AI bots to request and receive instant micropayments through blockchain and traditional payment channels.The protocol is managed as an open standard by the x402 Foundation under the Linux Foundation and has the support of over 20 institutions and crypto companies, including Cloudflare, Stripe, AWS, Google, Visa, Base, Circle, and the Solana Foundation.

Base co-founder Jesse stated that the x402 protocol now supports batch settlement, enabling a large number of small payments, with individual transactions as low as below 0.0001 USD, making it very suitable for on-demand payment calculations and instant resources such as inference.

The Graph officially announced that its Graph Gateway now officially supports x402 Payments. Developers and AI Agents can now access on-chain data via USDC on a pay-per-request basis, without the need for an API Key, account, or backend panel.The Graph stated that its network is responsible for indexing data from multiple blockchains, including token information, DEX trading pairs, governance updates, NFT metadata, and protocol activities. Previously, accessing related Subgraph data required registering for Subgraph Studio and applying for an API Key, while x402 has changed this access model.According to the introduction, after the Agent or program accesses the interface, it will receive an HTTP 402 response containing price information. It can then complete a signed payment using USDC on the Base network, and upon re-requesting, it can obtain the data, "the payment itself serves as authentication."This update includes: the addition of the /api/x402/ interface; a new payment process SDK; support for any tools compatible with x402; support for USDC payments on the Base mainnet and Base Sepolia testnet; and the original API Key model remains unchanged.The Graph stated that Subgraph data is now directly accessible by any program or Agent that supports HTTP and holds USDC.

According to GMGN monitoring, Circle surged 15% after earnings and today released Circle Agent Stack, launching financial infrastructure for the agent economy, which includes AI Agent and Nanopayments (USDC nano payments).The x402 ecological project Meridian (MRDN), as one of the early integrators of Circle's AI Agent payment infrastructure, followed up with a post stating "now available on Meridian," which was retweeted by Circle's official account. Coupled with the hot narrative of AI Agent + USDC nano payments, its token MRDN saw a significant increase, with a 24-hour rise exceeding 160% at one point, and a market cap reported at 28 million USD.ChainCatcher reminds users that meme coin trading is highly volatile, largely relying on market sentiment and speculative concepts, and has no actual value or use cases; investors should be aware of the risks.

Base's official tweet stated that in the first quarter of this year, the total payment amount of the x402 protocol has exceeded 100 million dollars. Among them, over 90% of the total transactions using stablecoins by on-chain AI agents occurred on the Base network.

According to Ambcrypto, Coinbase has partnered with Amazon Web Services (AWS) to jointly launch a new payment layer that allows AI Agents to autonomously make micro-payments using USDC.The solution integrates Coinbase's wallet infrastructure and the x402 payment protocol into Amazon Bedrock's AgentCore Payments system. Developers can build AI agents that autonomously discover services, pay on demand, and complete tasks without human intervention.Reports indicate that the x402 protocol is based on the HTTP 402 "Payment Required" standard, with transactions completed in about 200 milliseconds at a cost of just a fraction of a cent, supporting high-frequency low-value machine-native payments. The system also includes enterprise-level budget control and compliance tools.

AI Smart Routing and Infrastructure Network DGrid AI officially announces the launch of its AI inference API integrated with the x402 payment protocol. This API seamlessly merges payment logic with AI model invocation for the first time, allowing developers and AI Agents to complete authorization, inference, and payment within a single API request lifecycle without managing cumbersome API Keys or requiring centralized account pre-funding.It is reported that this API currently supports BNB Chain (BSC) as the underlying settlement network. With the micropayment features of the x402 protocol, the system can achieve extremely low-friction on-chain real-time settlement while ensuring that invocation costs remain absolutely controllable. Additionally, this API supports streaming responses and real-time usage feedback while being compatible with mainstream AI invocation methods, making it suitable for various application scenarios, including model selection for AI Agents, inference billing, intelligent agents, and multi-task execution.DGrid states that this initiative aims to completely break the prepaid barriers of traditional large model invocation and provide a programmable underlying payment infrastructure for building a fully automated AI Agent economy (machine-to-machine transactions).

According to The Block, the x402 Foundation, incubated by Coinbase, has announced the launch of the unified platform Agent.market, aimed at providing an "app store"-like service entry for AI robots.The platform is built on the x402 protocol and helps users and robots access hundreds of tools and services. The x402 protocol is named after the unused HTTP 402 "Payment Required" status code, allowing websites, APIs, and AI robots to request and receive instant micropayments through blockchain and traditional payment channels. The protocol is managed as an open standard by the x402 Foundation under the Linux Foundation and has the support of over 20 organizations and crypto companies, including Cloudflare, Stripe, AWS, Google, Visa, Base, Circle, and the Solana Foundation.When Agent.market goes live, it will cover seven major categories including reasoning, data, media, search, social, infrastructure, and trading, with service providers including OpenAI and Venice (reasoning); Bloomberg and CoinGecko (data); LinkedIn, X, and AgentMail (social); AWS Lambda, QuickNode, and Alechemy (infrastructure); as well as Bankr and Coinbase RAT (trading). Providers can join the marketplace without permission.Erik Reppel, the creator of the x402 protocol, stated that there are currently about 69,000 active agent robots on the protocol, which have completed over 165 million transactions with a transaction volume of 50 million dollars. He pointed out that agent commerce based on x402 is reshaping the customer acquisition activation costs for businesses, as robots can now access services at a very low setup cost without needing API keys.