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European Securities and Markets Authority report: Tokenized stocks may lead to liquidity fragmentation

According to Ledger Insights, the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) recently published the "Trends, Risks, and Vulnerabilities Report for the First Half of 2026," in which digital assets and prediction markets occupy three chapters. Regarding crypto assets, the report warns that the increasing ties between cryptocurrencies and the traditional financial sector pose risks. Concerning tokenization, the report points out that issuing different tokenized versions of the same stock may lead to fragmented liquidity.As for prediction markets, the report believes that prediction markets have not yet seen significant development in Europe. This is because major platforms do not yet hold EU licenses, and in most cases, they need to obtain licenses. The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) outlines some potential advantages of tokenization, including increased efficiency, expanded investor access, programmability, and atomic settlement. On the other hand, ESMA also questions how much these advantages are actually realized within these encapsulated structures.Since the ownership of the underlying stocks is off-chain, there is no single data source on-chain, and self-custody can only be achieved indirectly through these structures. Tokenization structures also introduce additional layers of intermediaries, leading to complexity and risk. The settlement advantages are also difficult to realize. Even if token transfers occur on-chain, the cash portion of the transaction is usually settled separately, whether through bank payments or other channels. This means that for certain transactions, the promised atomic settlement (i.e., simultaneous delivery of securities and cash) has not yet been achieved.

Strategy released the "Bitcoin Investor Guide": Bitcoin is becoming the cornerstone of the digital capital market

Strategy publicly released the "Bitcoin Investor Guide," compiled by its team, with a revision date of September 7, 2026, and market data as of September 4. The guide is aimed at professional investors, private investors, bankers, advisors, and capital allocators, systematically elaborating on Bitcoin's monetary attributes, investment logic, market structure, portfolio role, custody methods, and risks. The core viewpoint asserts that Bitcoin is no longer just a speculative asset but is becoming the foundation of a new type of digital capital market—a scarce, open, global reserve asset. The long-term logic is based on scarcity, open access, global liquidity, and independent verification, and it may absorb some of the monetary premiums currently attached to gold, real estate, stocks, bonds, and artworks.Key data snapshot (as of September 4, 2026): Bitcoin price is approximately $79,809, the 200-week moving average is about $64,715 (premium of approximately 23.3%); 1-year return is approximately -28.3%, and 10-year annualized return is about 62.8%; 30-day average trading volume is around $28.3 billion, and open interest is about $96 billion; spot ETFs hold approximately 1.27 million BTC, and the total network hash rate is about 935 EH/s. The guide emphasizes Bitcoin's positioning as "digital capital": a maximum supply cap of 21 million coins, no issuer, no expiration date, no contractual cash flows, with value primarily determined by scarcity and the monetary premium assigned by the market. It can be held directly, transferred globally, and independently verified. After the U.S. SEC approves the spot Bitcoin ETP in January 2024, institutional access has significantly increased, and the infrastructure for futures, options, and custody continues to mature. In terms of risk warnings, the guide points out Bitcoin's high volatility, lack of repayment commitments, and the potential for significant price declines; self-custody and third-party custody, ETPs, corporate securities, and derivatives all carry different legal, operational, and counterparty risks; transactions are irreversible, and loss of keys can lead to permanent loss. Strategy, as a publicly listed company with significant Bitcoin holdings, has a vested interest in Bitcoin prices. The document clearly states that it is for educational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice.
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